The fundus refers to the inner surface of the posterior part of the eye and the structures visible there. These include:
- the retina, with the macula (yellow spot)
- the optic nerve head (papilla)
- and the retinal vessels, arteries, and veins
Many eye diseases (e.g., macular degeneration, glaucoma, vascular occlusions) begin in these sensitive structures inside the eye, leading to vision deterioration.
Other initially harmless eye conditions or refractive errors, such as myopia (nearsightedness), can be complicated by changes in the fundus.
Finally, numerous systemic diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and arteriosclerosis can also lead to damage inside the eye, resulting in permanent vision deterioration.
Regular fundus examination is the only way to detect incipient changes early, preserve vision, or halt existing vision deterioration.
